Las busur listrik umumnya disebut las listrik adalah salah satu cara menyambung logam dengan jalan menggunakan nyala busur listrik yang diarahkan ke permukaan logam yang akan disambung. Pada bagian yang terkena busur listrik tersebut akan mencair, demikian juga elektroda yang menghasilkan busur listrik akan mencair pada ujungnya dan merambat terus sampai habis. Logam cair dari elektroda dan dari sebagian benda yang akan disambung tercampur dan mengisi celah dari kedua logam yang akan disambung, kemudian membeku dan tersambunglah kedua logam tersebut.
Mesin las busur listrik dapat mengalirkan arus listrik cukup besar tetapi dengan tegangan yang aman (kurang dari 45 volt). Busur listrik yang terjadi akan menimbulkan energi panas yang cukup tinggi sehingga akan mudah mencairkan logam yang terkena. Besarnya arus listrik dapat diatur sesuai dengan keperluan dengan memperhatikan ukuran dan type elektrodanya.
Pada las busur, sambungan terjadi oleh panas yang ditimbulkan oleh busur listrik yang terjadi antara benda kerja dan elektroda. Elektroda atau logam pengisi dipanaskan sampai mencair dan diendapkan pada sambungan sehingga terjadi sambungan las. Mula-mula terjadi kontak antara elektroda dan benda kerja sehingga terjadi aliran arus, kemudian dengan memisahkan penghantar timbullah busur. Energi listrik diubah menjadi energi panas dalam busur dan suhu dapat mencapai 5500 °C.
Ada tiga jenis elektroda logam, yaitu elektroda polos, elektroda fluks dan elektroda berlapis tebal. Elektroda polos terbatas penggunaannya, antara lain untuk besi tempa dan baja lunak. Biasanya digunakan polaritas langsung. Mutu pengelasan dapat ditingkatkan dengan memberikan lapisan fluks yang tipis pada kawat las. Fluks membantu melarutkan dan mencegah terbentuknya oksida-oksida yang tidak diinginkan. Tetapi kawat las berlapis merupakan jenis yang paling banyak digunakan dalam berbagai pengelasan komersil.
283 thoughts on “Pengertian Las Listrik”
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